Long Span Roof Construction

Long Span Roof Construction 1.0 INTRODUCTION A roof, which is the one of the most essential parts of a building, is the covering on the uppermost part of the building that protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather i.e. rainfall, heat, sunlight, cold and wind depending on the nature and intended design of the building (Wiki n.d; Foster and Greeno 2007). The span of a roof is a major consideration amongst other factors including functional requirements and considerations of speed and economy of erection. This can be classified in relative terms as short (up to 7.5m), medium (7.5 m 25m) and long-span (over 25m) according to (Foster and Greeno 2007). The focus of this report will be on long-span roof structures. The idea of utilizing long-span roofing systems in structures was probably developed based on a need to satisfy aesthetical as well as functional requirements of particular buildings such that a balance is reached. Buttressed by Indianetzone Constructions (n.d) opinion, a span is considered to be long-span when as a consequence of its size; technical considerations are placed so high on the list of architectural priorities such that they significantly affect the aesthetic treatment of the building. Long-span buildings create unobstructed, column-free spaces greater than 30 metres (100 feet) for a variety of functions. These include activities where visibility is important for large audiences (auditoriums and stadia), where flexibility is important (exhibition halls and certain types of manufacturing facility) and places where movable objects are housed (Indianetzone Construction n.d). Pushing the boundaries of long span structures has always been a field of interest to the public as well as to professional engineers. Of course lightweight and long-span are relative terms and greatly influenced by the materials used and the technology of the times. Westminster Hall was a huge feat of engineering in the 14th century and in the 19th century; St Pancras station roof was the largest span in the UK for many years. These spans seem very modest now with roofs spanning 200 or 300 m and bridges reaching several kilometers!'(Liddell 2007). An example of a novel long-span roof designed by the architect Edward Durell Stone in the 1950s based on the steel cables used in suspension bridges was the U.S. Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels Worlds Fair (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica 2010). 2.0 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ROOFING SYSTEMS It is known that a roof primarily provides a covering over an enclosure, protecting it from the external environmental influence and action by wind, sunlight, snow, temperature, rainfall and other harsh climatic effects. In order to adequately support the actions of these natural disturbances imposed on it by the prevailing environmental conditions including the likely futuristic effect of climate change, the roof has to be efficiently designed to satisfy certain functional requirements as outlined in the work by (Foster and Greeno 2007; Harrison et al. 2009). These include the following: Strength and stability, which is vital to the performance of the structure as a whole. Weather resistance including prevention and discharge of rain, snow and condensation. Thermal resistance involving regulating internal environments by solar heat loss balance, air temperatures, energy conservation and ventilation. Fire resistance including fire safety measures and/or precautions to keep distribution of fire from source at a minimum and provision of adequate lighting. Sound insulation involving maintaining adequate noise levels. 2.1 Strength and stability The roof system functions to provide a great deal of structural rigidity and stiffness in buildings and other areas where they may be applied. A simple case is the tying effect the roof gives to simple buildings with short clear spans where the roof tends to hold the load-bearing walls together such that they do not tear apart. The situation is seemingly different and more difficult to handle when the area of space to be covered by the roof increases in dimensions. According to (Foster and Greeno 2007), the main factor affecting the selection of materials employed in the design of a particular roof system chosen from a wide range of roof types is the span. Principles of modern building (1961) as cited in Harrison et al. (2009) states that there are three basic structural systems that can be used over an opening: the chain, the arch and the beam, of which the chain is the best form for supporting loads over long spans. According to them, roofs can be made out of secondary systems derived by a careful mix of these three basic systems. However, every roof needs to be sufficiently strong to carry the self-weight of the structure together with the intermittent loads for example those due to environmental effect (e.g snow or wind) or maintenance and it must do this without undue distortion or damage to the building, whether perceptible or imperceptible to its occupants. (Harrison et al. 2009). These expectations are codified in provisions contained in various national building regulations including the Building Regulations 2000 as cited in the work by (Harrison et al. 2009), which is specifically for application in England and Wales. A cursory look at the history of roof performance in existing buildings (Harrison et al. 2009) dating back to the eighteenth century, considering the effect of loading reveals that prehistoric dwellings recorded a relatively low performance with respect to the overall loading compared to more recent roof systems (Table 1). This is probably due to advancement in research and technology in this area. Data from a national house condition survey conducted in England as cited by (Harrison et al. 2009) in Tables 2 and 3 respectively shows details of structural problems recorded in dwellings more than a decade before 2006 and within the year 2006. All over the world, engineers and builders are constantly faced with the challenge of establishing cost-effective, adaptable solutions in the design of roof systems to support the loads that come on them. The aim is to seek and find the optimum, economically-feasible method of transferring loads on the roofs to the supporting super-structure beneath over spans of variable magnitudes (Foster and Greeno 2007). They further argue that, in order to make huge cost savings in materials utilized in the design and construction of the roof, a balance has to be reached such that there is an overall reduction in the total dead load to be carried by the roof, which will result in a situation where light weight materials carry majorly imposed loads over great spans. With the reduction in the total load to be carried by the roof, materials are saved and smaller, lighter sections can be used to support loads over long spans. This however, will have significant implications on the serviceability req uirements of deflection, which must be checked during design of the roof structure. As a corollary to this weight effect, (Foster and Greeno 2007) pointed out that one of the inherent structural difficulties in the design of long-span roof structures is reducing the dead/live load ratio, expressed as load per square metre of area covered by the roof, to a safe level thereby improving the efficiency of maximum load carried. Following their argument, increase in spans of roof systems generally result in significant increase in the dead weight of the roof which will lead to a corresponding increase in the ratio and an overall decrease in the efficiency loads carried by the structure. However, these problems can be solved by keeping two key factors as discussed by (Foster and Greeno 2007) in mind when making choice of materials to be employed in the design: the characteristics of the material to be used including the strength, stiffness and weight and the form or shape of the roof. They argued that if the strength is high, smaller volume of material is required to carry loads; also if the stiffness is high the depth of section required will be small as the material will deform under small impact loads; finally, a lightweight material will result in an overall reduction in the weight of the structure. These factors, if carefully considered in the selection of materials will help to develop the most efficient load carrying system where the dead/live load ratio is reduced to a minimum. Another important action apart from effects of weight which is critical in the design of roof structures is wind effect. Gales, extremely strong winds, pose adverse effects on buildings especially roofs in the UK (Harrison et al. 2009). Records by them show that since the wake of the early 90s up till now, about 1.1million houses have affected adversely by gales. This resulted in marked modifications in the codes of practice to give a more robust code BS 6399 Part 2 as cited in (Harrison et al. 2009) for wind load calculations on roof, which takes into consideration various building parameters necessary for a good design unlike the previous publications. The application of the code in the design of roof ensure that certain factors like velocity of wind, height of building ground level, locality of the building, altitude, gust, wind direction and seasonal factors (Foster and Greeno 2007; Harrison et al. 2009). There is some evidence (Foster and Greeno 2007) that wind pressure and suc tion has a harmful effect on roofs supported by buildings especially on the windward end where its effect is greatly felt. As such, for lightweight roofs particularly ones with distinct overhangs, the uplift is extremely undesirable and should be designed with careful consideration given to the joints and connections to the ties, walls and columns as the case may be to prevent the roof from being thrown off (Foster and Greeno 2007). 2.2 Weather resistance As may be given in the provisions of the Building Regulations (2000) document H3 for England and Wales as cited in Harrison et al. (2009), a roof should be adequately designed to perform such that there is zero-tolerance on seepage of rainfall, snow and/or any form of moisture into buildings. In order to achieve this, Harrison et al. (2009) suggests that drainage systems (gutters) with adequate drain capacities be installed in line with the provisions of the building regulations above by considering factors such as: the rainfall intensities (litres/sec/m2), the orientation of the roof and the effective drained surface area. Furthermore, they stressed that the orientation of the gutters should be such that it slopes to the closest drain outlet to prevent excessive loading of the structure in the event of an overspill. They recommend that in cases where overspills are expected, adequate provisions should be made for the design of the drain in accordance with the performance requirement s as stated in BS EN12056-3 and design guidance including testing, maintenance and commissioning in BS 8490 both cited in (Harrison et al. 2009). 2.3 Thermal resistance Thermal resistance of a roof, which could also be expressed as thermal insulation is a key consideration made in the design of roof so as to strike a perfect balance between prevention of heat loss and removal of excessive undesirable heat from dwellings when necessary. Thermal performance of any roof is an important requirement for the design of roof against thermal effects (Harrison et al. 2009). These requirements as encapsulated in the new Approved Document (AD) L as cited in (Harrison et al. 2009) are to be adopted in a more flexible way in a bid to conserving energy, promoting more energy-efficient buildings and roofs as well as reaching carbon emission targets as stipulated in the relevant standards. This, as stipulated by (Harrison et al. 2009) can be maintained by installation of roof lights and roof windows. For the case of solar radiation on roofs (Harrison et al. 2009) has suggested that the roof materials should be ones with reflective surfaces such that in periods of su mmer where the intensity of the sun radiation on the earth is greater consequent upon the effect of global warming, there is an overall reduction in heat absorption transmitted to the interior parts of the building. 2.4 Fire resistance The major safety requirement for roofs is to reach an optimum performance that fire attack will not immediately bring down the roof and will not affect all other parts as in a domino effect (Harrison et al. 2009). The requirement for dealing with roof fires as cited by (Harrison et al. 2009) is covered by test methods in BS 476-3. This test procedure determines the fire performance in roofs by effects of penetration and spread of flame which is denoted by two letters. In order to prevent fire, (Harrison et al. 2009) have stipulated quick guidance for fire protection including cavity barriers, smoke detectors, sprinklers and smoke extraction systems, which help to maintain an acceptable level of fire safety. 2.5 Sound insulation Unwanted sound, which could be termed as noise can be undesirable to dwellers especially when it emanates from an external source. Sound level which is described on a logarithmic scale in decibels (dB) vary in loudness, frequency and time (Harrison et al. 2009). They opined that noise could arise from various weather generated sources like rain, snow, sun, wind or hail. However, they pointed out that these effects can be controlled by applying some general noise reduction principles like coating the underside of the roof with a thicker layer of a weaker material, damping and introduction of PTFE washers between joints. 3.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS/GUIDE ROOF ONSTRUCTION/ERECTION (Griffis 2004) highlights some of the factors which should be taken into account in the design and construction of long-span roofs. He equally outlined strategies, knowledge of which in addition to a pretty good understanding of the structural behaviour of long span structures and careful implementation, will reduce the incidence of collapse of long span structures as well as eliminate some of the concomitant problems of erection of long span structures. These strategies are presented below: Major project personnel and their roles and responsibilities should be identified at the start of the project in order to determine the correct chain of command and reporting hierarchy This will ensure that proper project management procedures are applied to prevent friction amongst parties concerned, eliminate budget overruns and ensure that project delivery timelines are met. It is advisable to involve the fabricator/erector team at the start of the project This will not only be beneficial to the project cost and time schedules but also enable the team adequately familiarize themselves with certain construction requirements, specifications and details which have been prepared in line with the codes of practice at design stage. These include, but are not limited to agreement on the grade of steel, connection type, bolt size and grade, welding procedures and processes, erection sequence and method, paint type and construction deviation allowances. Huge overall cost savings can be made on the structure from materials used in the construction e.g steel by employing high strength steel of the best quality such that light weight materials are used. Adequate environmental studies should be conducted and results of these should be employed in the estimation of the wind and snow load on the structure. Accuracy of load estimation has a long-term saving effect in cost of the structure. Whether using reinforced concrete or purely steel work, struts and truss chord of the roof structure should be framed in order to produce light weight structures. It is never advisable to use movement joints in roof structure because of the inherent difficulties it brings along. Allowance should always be made in the initial design of the roof system to take into cognizance additional dead loads which may arise from replacement of roof cladding and other materials in the future. Careful thought should be given to factors such as material shrinkage, support settlements and temperature effect including erection processes when making initial designs and construction planning procedures. So long as the architectural shape and line of vision of the roof structure is not impaired, much attention should not be paid to deflections and camber effects of long span roofs. Careful treatment should be given to diaphragm stresses, choice of diaphragm bracing of structural members and diaphragm attachment, which are important for resisting lateral effects of wind and seismic loads by reaching a decision on the system to use based on considerations of economy and risk. Bolted field connections on shop-welded/built steel members are always the best and should be employed in the construction of long span roof systems. This is good practice which can reduce delays and downtime in construction leading to timely completion of project. In as much as the designer needs to start communicating with the fabricator early enough to incorporate shop practices to support design calculations, he should never allow the fabricator to take on his primary responsibility of designing the roof system. This may result in conflicts on site. For simplicity of design/details and avoidance of confusion on site, steel sections should be selected such that one size fits all! This will reduce overall cost of materials and facilitate fabrication. Where possible a detailed documented erection method should be outlined to ensure clarity to all parties concerned and uniformity of installation procedure. The structural engineer should bear in mind that any structure designed should be analyzed and that built should be designed. Also he must ensure that careful supervision of the erection process on site is carried out properly to confirm that results of the design are reflected on site. 4.0 PROBLEMS WITH LONG SPAN ERECTION/CONSTRUCTION. The design of long span structures for erection with constructability in mind often poses challenges on the designers which are related to both technological and aesthetical aspects (Kawaguchi 1991). Some of the key questions a designer should find answers to in order to overcome these challenges as outlined by Ruby (2007) are: What is the loading trajectory for the structural system to be developed? How can the productive use of the structural members in terms of span, size, quantity of shop pieces and constructability be optimized? How can the bracing system determined from a structural perspective be efficiently incorporated into the initial architectural layout? How can shop fabrication be efficiently utilized to reduce haulage cost, if it will be shipped and not field-built? What will be most effective construction flow order? At what strategic locations would ephemeral bracings be placed while construction and erection is still in progress? How will the determined construction flow order be applied to minimize the use of temporary props for truss during erection? All these questions, carefully evaluated will guide the designer in preparing functional designs which can easily be integrated in the construction and erection process to achieve the best results at reduced overall costs with prompt project delivery. A look at the typical problems associated with long span roof construction will be presented below using a case study of a large single storey building with long span roof as presented by Khup (2009). 4.1 Description of the entire structure This case study illustrates the construction of a large single-storey, long-span industrial building with external dimensions 200m x 60m. The 10.8m high roof which is sustained by rc beams and columns is a 59m span structure with 29 individual steel components at 10.8m maximum height. Main members were double angle steel sections connected back to back. 4.2 Erection of the truss The truss as shown in Figure 4 below was erected by lifting truss units, 3 at a time, to the required height starting from the centre of the building and effectively supporting adjacent truss units against each other while providing temporary shoring towers for props at the bottom chords of the truss assembly. 4.3 Analysis of the failure Shortly after the first two trusses were erected, they failed and all came down Figure 5 shows the details. The immediate cause of the catastrophic collapse of the slender truss was the removal of the temporary shoring towers soon after installation of the truss in position. Some of the remote causes include: commencing installation at the centre of the building rather than at the firm gable end wall, omission of a number of tie beams and purlins close to the shoring towers in order to create allowance for the great lift, non-utilization of temporary diagonal bracings to provide sufficient lateral support and torsional rigidity considering the slender nature of the truss, no continuity in the web angle cleats at the knee-joint support due to obstruction from the holding-down bolts at that point which made the support behave as a pin-joint, eccentric loading and non-uniform distribution of stresses and forces at the joints due to the irregular order of construction, angle cleats which connects the purlins to the truss as well as all key truss members were not provided as a continuous strip along the its length to hold the double angles in position and omission of a diagonal strut which made the truss collapse/fail in flexure. 4.3 Lessons learned Khup (2009) has drawn out learning points for further action which could be noted for correction and application in future jobs. These are: The effect of overall dimensions and section properties of the truss must be considered when dealing with trusses to avoid issues linked with torsion and lateral Adequate site monitoring and effective supervision should be the ultimate responsibility of the engineer as has been highlighted as one of the design considerations given earlier in this report by (Griffis 2004) to ensure erection is done to design specification. Members with slender forms e.g. purlins with angle sections should be properly battened along its entire length to provide sufficient stiffness and braced for lateral stability. Temporary props, if used for erection of the truss should be supported on relatively rigid members like concrete cores within the building frame. All shoring towers should be designed against accidental lateral or gravity loads that may occur during erection of the truss. Details of connections at joints should be clearly provided such that there are no eccentric moments arising from induced forces as result of misinterpretation of details by the fabricators. 5.0 DESIGN GUIDANCE FOR LONG-SPAN ROOF SYSTEMS 5.1 Structural design rules For the design of roof systems, The Corus (2010) has recommended BS 5950-6 (1995) for full design rules and test procedures used by various manufacturers of roof systems, the basis on which the respective load/span tables are generated. The design rules for metal roof cladding systems have not yet been included in the Eurocode 3 published earlier in the year, April, 2010. As a guide for assisting engineers and practitioners especially in the UK to make quick, approximate designs for their roof systems, reference can be made to BS5950-6 (1995) as cited in (Corus 2010). 5.2 Loading limits Designs will be done normally based on the flexural strength at ultimate limit states and deflection will be checked to ensure that it is satisfactory at serviceability states by applying the appropriate serviceability loads such that the roof system performs satisfactorily and fulfils its intended purpose without collapse during its entire design life (Corus 2010) 5.3 Serviceability and deflection limits (Corus 2010) advices that significant distortions or deflections in the structure is absolutely undesirable and must be checked at design stage in order to prevent complications such as: Poor drainage systems and ponding in specific locations Damage to sealants at overlap sections of the roof system Excessive strains at regions of overlaps or other interconnected parts such as interior coverings General external deformations or distortion in the regular shape or profile of the roof systems. Corus (2010) has specified, according to the code BS 5950 Part6 (1995), the permissible values of deflection for satisfying the serviceability limits as shown in the Table 4 below. A limiting value of L/200 is however recommended for use where L is the span which is a function of the span of the structure as will be obtained from the load/span tables used by the respective manufacturer of the particular roof system employed in construction. 5.4 Ultimate limit states At ultimate limit states, the critical load or the worst load case is used to determine the design value of load at failure where the material yield or the structure collapses. Corus (2010) has specified two likely modes of failure: tensile fracture and compressive buckling, concluding that the probability of the former occurring is close to zero while the latter is prevalent in web-strengthened flanges subjected to high compressive stress levels leading to buckling at yield. This must be taken into account when carrying out design calculations. For shear, Corus (2010) documented that shear failure is improbable for small sections of long span members but could be present in deeper sections especially when used over short spans. This can be controlled by use of web stiffeners. 5.5 Roof load calculations 5.5.1 Concentrated imposed load Though relevant software packages are now available for calculation of these loads, Corus (2010) has specified quick guidance for calculating loads from human activities in line with provisions of BS 6399-3 as cited in (Corus 2010): Roof with access (for maintenance purposes only) greater of 0.9kN or effective snow load Roof load for all purpose access greater of 1.8kN or the effective snow load. 5.5.2 Dead load Load due to the self weight of the entire roof system which acts downwards like a gravity load. 5.5.3 Uniform imposed load This relates to snow loading which is extremely difficult to calculate due to the variability of meteorological data. Corus (2010) suggests that extra concern should be given to estimation of this load especially for application at altitudes greater than 500m. As cited in (Corus 2010), BS 6399-3 (1988) is the recommended code for calculating uniform imposed loading on roof systems. 5.5.4 Wind load Wind force has two momentous effects: the positive lateral imposed wind pressure acting on the walls and the negative vertical suction pressure acting majorly on the roof (Foster and Greeno 2007). Roof system as such must be designed against these effects. BS 6399-2(1997 or 2002 latest version) as cited in (Corus 2010) is the recommended code for calculating these loads. 5.6 Design loads Corus (2010) has summarized a quick reference in Table 5 for determining design loads to be applied to buildings by confirming the relevant load case and calculating the design load using the worst loading situation: Loading combination/situation Load case Wind load (imposed or suction) Snow load (uniformly distributed or redistributed) Uniformly distributed load (kN/m2) Concentrated load (kN) Roof with access Determined from BS 6399 Part 2 Determined from BS 6399 Part3 1.5 1.8 Roof without access Determined from BS 6399 Part 2 Determined from BS 6399 Part3 0.6 0.9 Walls Determined from BS 6399 Part 2

Ernie Pyle Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Ernie Pyle ;When a machine-gun bullet ended the life of Ernie Pyle in the final days of World War II, Americans spoke of him in the same breath as they had Franklin Roosevelt. To millions, the loss of him was as great as the loss of the wartime president. Since WWII correspondent Ernie Pyle was so famous, his death on the battlefront came as a shock to people around the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ernest Taylor Pyle was born August 3, 1900 to Will and Marie Pyle. He was born an only child on the Same Elder farm just southwest of Dana, Indiana. His father, Will Pyle, was a tenant farmer because he couldn’t make a steady living from being a carpenter, which is what he really liked to do. Pyle described his father, â€Å"He never said a great deal to me all his life, and yet I feel we have been very good friends, he never gave me much advice or told me to do this or that, or not to.† Marie Pyle filled the role of family leader. She enjoyed tasks at hand: raising chickens and produce, caring for her family and serving the neighbors. Pyle describes her, â€Å"She thrived on action, she would rather milk than sew; rather plow than bake† (Tobin 6).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through school Pyle loved to write. During high school he was reporter, then editor, then editor in chief for his high school newspaper. When he graduated high school, he too was caught up in the â€Å"patriotic fever† of the nation upon America’s entry into WWI (Whitman 2). He enlisted in the Naval Reserve but before he could finish his training an armistice was declared in Europe. After that he attended the University of Indiana to study journalism, but left before he graduated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ernie Pyle persued his love for writing, and became a cub reporter for â€Å"LaPorte Herald.† For months later he was offered a $2.50-per-week raise to work for the â€Å"Washington Daily News.† He wrote the countries first daily aviation column for four years before becoming the papers managing editor. Pyle was a reporter, copy editor, and aviation editor until 1932, when he accepted a job for the â€Å"Scripps-Howard† newspaper chain. Pyle loved to travel and persuaded Scripps-Howard executives to allow him to be a roving reporter. Ernie Pyle was very excited to be a roving reporter:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It’s better than a million dollars. It’s a new ... ...ncarta Encyclopedia 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CD-ROM. 2000 ed. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ernie Pyle State Historic Site.† Indiana State Museum   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and Historic Sites. 2 March 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. Tobin, James. Ernie Pyle’s War: America’s Eyewitness To   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War II. New York: The Free Press, 1997. 4. Whitman, Mark. â€Å"Ernie Pyle.† Access Indiana Teaching and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Learning Center. 1997. 5 March 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wilson, Ellen. Ernie Pyle: Boy From Back Home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indianapolis Ernie Pyle Essay example -- essays research papers fc Ernie Pyle ;When a machine-gun bullet ended the life of Ernie Pyle in the final days of World War II, Americans spoke of him in the same breath as they had Franklin Roosevelt. To millions, the loss of him was as great as the loss of the wartime president. Since WWII correspondent Ernie Pyle was so famous, his death on the battlefront came as a shock to people around the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ernest Taylor Pyle was born August 3, 1900 to Will and Marie Pyle. He was born an only child on the Same Elder farm just southwest of Dana, Indiana. His father, Will Pyle, was a tenant farmer because he couldn’t make a steady living from being a carpenter, which is what he really liked to do. Pyle described his father, â€Å"He never said a great deal to me all his life, and yet I feel we have been very good friends, he never gave me much advice or told me to do this or that, or not to.† Marie Pyle filled the role of family leader. She enjoyed tasks at hand: raising chickens and produce, caring for her family and serving the neighbors. Pyle describes her, â€Å"She thrived on action, she would rather milk than sew; rather plow than bake† (Tobin 6).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through school Pyle loved to write. During high school he was reporter, then editor, then editor in chief for his high school newspaper. When he graduated high school, he too was caught up in the â€Å"patriotic fever† of the nation upon America’s entry into WWI (Whitman 2). He enlisted in the Naval Reserve but before he could finish his training an armistice was declared in Europe. After that he attended the University of Indiana to study journalism, but left before he graduated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ernie Pyle persued his love for writing, and became a cub reporter for â€Å"LaPorte Herald.† For months later he was offered a $2.50-per-week raise to work for the â€Å"Washington Daily News.† He wrote the countries first daily aviation column for four years before becoming the papers managing editor. Pyle was a reporter, copy editor, and aviation editor until 1932, when he accepted a job for the â€Å"Scripps-Howard† newspaper chain. Pyle loved to travel and persuaded Scripps-Howard executives to allow him to be a roving reporter. Ernie Pyle was very excited to be a roving reporter:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It’s better than a million dollars. It’s a new ... ...ncarta Encyclopedia 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CD-ROM. 2000 ed. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ernie Pyle State Historic Site.† Indiana State Museum   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and Historic Sites. 2 March 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. Tobin, James. Ernie Pyle’s War: America’s Eyewitness To   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War II. New York: The Free Press, 1997. 4. Whitman, Mark. â€Å"Ernie Pyle.† Access Indiana Teaching and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Learning Center. 1997. 5 March 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wilson, Ellen. Ernie Pyle: Boy From Back Home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indianapolis

The Symptoms of Asthma

Asthma is a chronic (long-term) disease that inflames and narrows the airways. The airways produce extra mucus and breathing becomes difficult. Asthma causes tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing. Asthma affects people of all ages but usually starts in childhood. For some people asthma may just be a minor inconvenience for others it is a major problem that interferes with daily activities. Those that have severe asthma could incur a life threatening asthma attack. The symptoms of asthma range from person to person and vary from minor to severe. A person may have symptoms primarily at night, during exercise or when they may be exposed to certain triggers. Some people have asthma symptoms all the time others may have infrequent attacks and between flare-ups feel completely normal and have no trouble breathing. Situations that may induce an asthma flare up are: Exercise-induced asthma occurs during exercise and may be worse when the air is cold and dry, Occupational asthma is caused by breathing irritants such as chemical fumes, gases or dust, Allergy-induced asthma is triggered by particular allergens, such as pollen, molds and pet dander. Asthma is a very common disease. Twenty-two million Americans suffer from asthma, of that six million are children and the number of people being diagnosed grows each year. Factors that may increase your chance of developing asthma are: Having a blood relative (parent or sibling) with asthma, being overweight, being a smoker or exposure to second hand smoke, mother that smoked while being pregnant, low birth weight, exposure to exhaust fumes and other pollution such as chemicals used in farming/harvesting and manufacturing. Having an allergic condition such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever) or atopic dermatitis can also be a factor in having asthma. Other causes or risk factors may be exposure to allergens, certain germs or having some types of bacterial or viral infections. Research on these triggers is required to find out what role they play in developing asthma. Diagnosis of asthma can be difficult. In order to rule out any other conditions such as wheezy bronchitis, pneumonia or reactive airway disease, a doctor can perform a physical exam and ask you questions about your signs and symptoms. Lung (pulmonary) function tests can determine how much air you move in and out of your lungs. Several tests include: A Peak flow meter which measures how hard you can breathe out, Spirometry a test that measures the narrowing of your bronchial tubes by checking the amount of air exhaled after a deep breath and how fast you can breathe out. Other tests that can be done after your initial lung function test is normal are Methacholine challenge and Nitric oxide test. Asthma is an incurable disease that can be controlled by medication. The right medications depend on a number of things, including your age, your symptoms, your asthma triggers and what works best for an individual to keep it under control. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize the triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing. Prevention and long -term control is the key to preventing asthma attacks.

The Varied Diet of Turtles

Turtle eating habits are varied and what they eat depends on the available food sources, the habitat in which the turtle lives and the turtles behavior. Most adult land turtles eat a diet that consists of plants. They graze on grass or browse on the leaves of bushes and shrubs that are within their reach. A few species of turtles also eat fruits. Occasionally, some turtles also ingest small insects such as caterpillars that get caught up in the plants they eat, so invertebrates make up a part of a turtles diet as well. One group of turtles well-known for their herbivorous feeding habits are Galapagos tortoises. Galapagos tortoises feed on leaves and grasses and their diet is so influential that over the course of their evolution their shells have been modified in different ways to reflect their eating habits. Galapagos tortoise subspecies that eat grasses that lie close to the ground have shells that are dome-shaped with the rim of their shell lying snugly above their neck. Galapagos tortoise subspecies that eat leaves that are above the ground on bushes and shrubs have shells that are saddle-backed in shape, with the rim of the shell arched upwards enabling them to crane their neck high in the air as they grasp their food. Freshwater turtles such as snapping turtles are ambush predators. Too cumbersome to swim after their prey with any great speed, snapping turtles instead tuck themselves into a bunch of aquatic vegetation and snap at anything that comes within their path. Consequently, snapping turtles eat fish and crustaceans. Most freshwater turtles, when young, eat the larvae of aquatic invertebrates. As they grow older, their diet switches to aquatic vegetation. Sea turtles eat a variety of marine invertebrates and vegetation. For example, leatherback sea turtles feed on jellyfish, loggerhead sea turtles eat bottom-dwelling shellfish, green sea turtles eat seagrass and algae.

Community Being LinkedIn to the World of E-Commerce Essay...

From pre-school to graduate school and from that first job to the start of a career, everyone wants to be accepted no matter the context of the acceptance. Students need to have friends, study partners, and peer and faculty supporters. Employees need to be hired, be able to maintain the job, have a happy work environment, and have the option for promotion or added responsibility. On a different spectrum, businesses need to be accepted as well. They need to be accepted by their employees, by employee candidates, by their customers, by their potential customers, by their marketing and advertisement departments or collaborating companies, and by their business partners. No matter the type of acceptance a business has, whether it is due to†¦show more content†¦This has enabled LinkedIn to harbor a business and professional atmosphere, therefore, creating the sense of community in the process. In order for a community to be strong, there are certain key components that it must ha ve. For instance, a community must be able to benefit the participants as a whole and as individuals. LinkedIn enables its business customers to view other businesses, communicate and make connection with business partner or potential partners, maintain an online persona to further built the brand, and keep track of the business’s employees’ profiles. Businesses are also able to add job listings and review job candidates. Actually, â€Å"a new survey from the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) reveals that 56% of employers use social networking websites in their search for appropriate candidates, and another 20% said they plan to do so in the near future† (Walker, 2011). Individuals are able to connect with friends and colleagues on a more professional platform, which allows them to more easily communicate concerns or ask questions about career choices, college choices, etc. LinkedIn also allows individuals to gain information about businesses they may want to work for or simply learn more information about, apply for jobs, post a resume, ask questions to experts, and join groups of like-minded peers and professionals. All in all, this social networking site has made itShow MoreRelatedePayments and eCommerce: Assignment1310 Words   |  6 Pagestotal) Your answer to each question should be one or two paragraphs long. Each question is worth a total of five marks. 1. What types of e-payment systems should B2C merchants support? many customers are still very afraid to purchase online because of the security issues that s why it s very good to have more than one payment method, payment methods include E-cheques, credit cards, Gift cards, and the best one from my point of view because it s very known for safe online shopping is PayPal. Read MoreForms and Classification of Online Business1729 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness According to (Adam, Z.R.), the major different types of e-commerce (B2B) Business-to Business, (B2C) Business-to-Consumer, (B2G) Business-to-Government, (C2C) Consumer-to-Consumer and M-commerce which is mobile commerce. Business-to-business is simply e-commerce that is present between two businesses. It is said that it is the fastest growing type of e-commerce, much faster than B2C. It is a type of e-commerce wherein two businesses transact with each other online. About 80% of onlineRead MoreAnalysis Of Agora Mobile Inc.3499 Words   |  14 Pageseffective social media strategy, Agora should be able to capture 5% (approx..1700) of its target market. Step 3: Topics of Focus In my opinion, a bunch of random topics may not be effective in this case. I understand, an occasional tweet about a world cup or trending topics will help to gain more followers, but if Agora is everywhere around the social media without focus areas, the message of Agora business to teachers may not work. Focusing on 3-5 core topics that resonate Agora’s business modelRead MoreUsing Social Networking Websites for Social Media Marketing in Fashion Industry1475 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences, and connect for business or pleasure†. (Strauss amp; Frost, p. 326). 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Many businesses, as well, have foundRead MoreE Marketing Project1272 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 Introduction to e- marketing Assignment †¢ Need to create a note on Flipkart e- marketing tactics covering the following – What are all the eMarketing Tactics that are being used? Please provide proof? †¢ Search Engine Optimization | Pay Per Click Advertising | Social Media Marketing | Banner Advertising | eMail Marketing | Mobile Marketing †¢ What else? – Does FlipKart need each of these tactics? Please give reasons which are related to FlipKart Business, Marketing, Competition, CustomersRead MoreE Marketing Project1263 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 Introduction to e- marketing Assignment †¢ Need to create a note on Flipkart e- marketing tactics covering the following – What are all the eMarketing Tactics that are being used? Please provide proof? †¢ Search Engine Optimization | Pay Per Click Advertising | Social Media Marketing | Banner Advertising | eMail Marketing | Mobile Marketing †¢ What else? – Does FlipKart need each of these tactics? Please give reasons which are related to FlipKart Business, Marketing, CompetitionRead MoreCustomers Desire Seamless Shopping Experiences1622 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermine the tone, style, and delivery of your sales and marketing strategies. Source â€Å"Use photos of actual audience members, if possible,† says Anna Ritchie, a marketing and communications practitioner. â€Å"Take snapshots or screenshots of your community members, or of existing buyers (first asking for their permission, of course) and post them in a prominent place in your workspace.† It’s a great way to remind your team that your personas aren’t just fictional characters. You’re creating strategiesRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Society1770 Words   |  8 PagesCommunity and Personal Relationships Indeed today we see that technology has impacted individuals and the community at large. I will talk about how people respond to the impact of the computer revolution. Technological developments like Internet banking and E-commerce could pose both a positive or a negative effect. Internet banking has made bank transaction easy and convenient in the sense that people can do the transactions from anywhere they, desire to i.e in the home, offices,Read MorePotential Benefits Of Social Media1196 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as Facebook. Those opposed to entering this world tend to single out the negative aspects of it and use them as excuses not to join. Merriam-Webster interprets social media as â€Å"forms of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (as videos)† (â€Å"social media†). Nowhere in that definition does it suggest that only one platform exists. That being said, a great deal of good can, and does, emerge from

Diversity in Universities Essay - 1137 Words

U.S. schools and colleges vary from numerous points of view. Some are open, others are independently employed individual; some are huge urban colleges, some are two-yr. group universities, others little rustic grounds. Some offer alumna and expert political stage, others point of convergence basically on undergrad instruction. Each of our more than 3, 000 schools and colleges has its particular and dissimilar mission. This aggregate differing qualities around organizations is one of the extraordinary strength of Americas higher instruction framework, and has helped make it the best in the people. Protecting that assorted qualities is key on the off chance that we plan to serve the needs of our just social order. â€Å"Diversity enriches the†¦show more content†¦These assorted vantage focuses work further bolstering your good fortune when you experience new issues in diverse settings and circumstances. â€Å"Rather than viewing the world through a single-focus lens, you are able to expand your views and consider multiple options when making decisions and weighing issues of, for example, morality and ethics.† (Hyman, Jeremy, and Lynn Jacobs.) â€Å"The American Council on Education (ACE) has a longstanding record of commitment to access to higher education for all qualified Americans and to the advancement of equal educational opportunity† (The Importance of Diversity in Higher Education) This dedication is considered in ACEs positions open strategy, its automatic exercises, and its livelihood polishes. It has been communicated over and over in resolutions by the ACE Board of Directors with respect to governmental policy regarding minorities in society, nondiscrimination, value, meet open door, and induction guidelines. The ACE is only one of the numerous aggregations that accept assorted qualities in universities. â€Å"The Supreme Court will begin hearing arguments tomorrow in Fisher v. University of Texas, a constitutional challenge to race-conscious admission policies at colleges and universities.† (Kerby, Sophia). In the event that the Court bars the utilization of race in inductions, it will eradicate 50 years of advancement and debilitate colleges endeavors to make school facilities more various and comprehensive. It will makeShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Diversity At Concordia University935 Words   |  4 Pagesskin, by our wealth, by our looks, and by the way we act. Diversity is having variety. 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Texas State University1385 Words   |  6 Pages Diversity Role Written Assignment A Day in My Life Texas State University COMM 1310: Fundamentals of Human Communication Kristal Jackson â€Æ' My name is Brenda Johnson, and I am an obese American woman. I usually can guess that when people see me, they are already assuming differences in my life compared to theirs. In some ways they are right, but also in many they are wrong. Today, more than two-thirds of U.S. adults are overweight or obese (Ogden at al., 2014). Of those two-third adults

Persuasive Paper Evolution Essay Example For Students

Persuasive Paper Evolution Essay Like the biblical hero Adam, a single cell let partof its body become another being, now one of apair. Like the heroin Eve this duplicate createdmore of its species. These multiplying cells joinedtogether into a legacy long in running. The historyof our evolution is dark, we fumble for answersyet still need more light to unlock the mysteriesbeneath. One must remember that when speakingof the theory of evolution one is not only referringto humans but to other species of the kingdomAnimalia as well. Some of the most prominantevolutionary theories of all time can be found inCharles Darwins Origin of Species. Hisconclusions linked homo sapiens skeletal systemsto an ungodly creature, Primates such as apes,gorillas, and monkeys were found to be closelylinked to the evolved human of the time. Within500,000 years time, he claimed, that we hadevolved from Australopithicus Ramidus to thepresent Homo Sapiens that we are catoragized as. He sums the entire evolutionary theory up bystating in his book, We must.acknowledge, as itseems to me, that man with all his noble qualities,sympathy, benevolence, and god-like intellectwhich has penetrated into the movements andconstitution of the solar system itself-with all theseexalted powers-Man still bears in his bodily framethe incredible stamp of his lowly origin. Thisstatement may be backed by any number ofappeals, yet one must ring forth as the answer. Survival of the Fittest, the natural idea that anysingle being in a species will survive if it is the bestat hunting, existing, and passing down its genepool. These super animals, inside a singlespecies, may have developed some sort of geneticmutation allowing for easier grip on prey, fastermovement, quicker reflexes, or just plainly madethem more attractive to the opposite sex in theirspecies. In any case, this mutation, this freak ofnature, has caused the animals to live, and breed,and pass down its mutation to its offspring. Whena primitive Homo Habillis gave birth to young thatcould eventually stand taller and straighter than itsancestors was anything marvelous thought of it?When this taller primate gave birth to increasinglyupright offspring, again, was anything marvelousthought of that? Yet finally when an adult HomoHabillis stood vertically enough to reach fruit onthe trees, to use more force than its counterparts,and stand erect there was a breakthrough. Thisnew hominid speci es, Homo Erectus, took nearly50,000 years to develop, yet with time and thesurvival of the fittest, the one who could run faster,hunt longer, and go farther, the one who couldsurvive above all others conquered and created anew species all his own. This species evolved, itprogressed to a better state by a abnormality in itsgene sequence. Man does not produce variabilityin which he creates new bodily devices to survive. It is accidental, it is a mutation of scientific mishapthat lets the giraffe evolve from the horse, thewhale evolve from a wolf, and the human evolvefrom the primal ape. Natural selection has formednot only our anatomy, but our facial characteristicsas man and woman. Natural selection is like aforce, letting stronger and more intelligent animalssurvive. 400 million years ago a prehistoric reptilein Africa developed turbinates, these are fleshymembranes which allow for an animal to retainmoisture in their breath while exhaling, any animalwishing to keep a constant temperture to therebody must have turbinates to reserve heat. Theseorgans are found in the nose of everywarm-blooded animal ever in the history of thefossil record, this lizard began a long journey, andthrough the next 10 million years this lizardevolved into the first mammal. By 300 millionyears ago this lizard had changed and morphed inmany different ways, this lowly reptile had grownhair, he had a forhead, and larger brai n than anyother animal ever known to the planet, this lizardhad 4 appendages, 2 of which were used forgrappling and climbing, this lizard had progressedinto the primate, spreading all over the african andasain continents. This lizard is our beginning, he isour ancestor, we owe life to this reptile in everyimaginable way. .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 , .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 .postImageUrl , .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 , .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826:hover , .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826:visited , .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826:active { border:0!important; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826:active , .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826 .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud489964093271c3ec830713d008f3826:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Founding Fathers of the USA EssayCategory: English